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Medical Disclaimer
Everything on this site is written to help you understand how the body works. None of it is advice about your body, and it cannot be, because we have never met you.
This is education, not advice
Surgeonring publishes general reference material on anatomy, physiology and disease. Every article describes what is typical. Medicine is practised on individuals, and an individual has a history, an examination, a set of medications, other conditions and a context that no general article can know. That gap is the whole difference between information and advice.
Nothing here should be used to diagnose yourself or anyone else, to decide whether a symptom matters, to start, stop or change a medication, or to decide against seeking care.
No professional relationship
Articles are written and reviewed by Dr Zahy Hamza, MD. Reading them does not create a doctor-patient relationship, and a qualified author does not turn general writing into personal advice. We are not your doctor and cannot be, because clinical advice requires assessing the person in front of you.
In an emergency
If someone may be seriously unwell, call your local emergency number — 999 in the UK, 911 in the US and Canada, 112 across the EU and much of the world — or go to an emergency department. Do not delay to read anything, here or anywhere else.
Our emergency guides describe recognised first-aid practice so that the minutes before help arrives are used well. They are written to support calling for help, never to replace it, and they are not a substitute for hands-on first-aid training.
Sources and currency
Each article lists the reference texts, guidelines and papers it was written from, and carries both a publication date and a last-reviewed date. Guidance changes, particularly in emergency and critical care. Where a figure is a range or is genuinely disputed we say so rather than choosing the tidiest number, but no page can be guaranteed current at the moment you read it.
Reliance
Any reliance you place on this material is at your own risk. If something here conflicts with what a clinician who has assessed you has told you, follow the clinician. If you think something here is wrong, please tell us at hello@surgeonring.com.
Questions
Anything here that is unclear, or that you disagree with, is worth telling us about.